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Adams,Abigail (John's wife),3,18,56,108,128

on British departure from Boston,4,23

marriage of John and,13

on new political institutions after independence,16

newspapers read by,145,178

during smallpox epidemic,57,85,86,104

on women's rights,20-1

Adams,Charles(John's son),104

Adams,John,ix,3,12-26,48,82,97,101,108,192n2

Abigail's women's rights proposal to,20-2

Articles of War drafted by,142

avoidance of slavery discussion by,20

Board of War and Ordnance chaired by,45,57,58,88,102,137-8,141,160,162

at Court of St.James's,178

and defense of New York,33-4,36,46,86,102-4,107

Dickinson compared with,8-10

in Dickinson Draft debate,92,94-6,102

family concerns of,57,85,86,104

foreign policy developed by,57,98-9,102,142

Germain's threat to execute,136

governmental structure envisioned by,16-20

independence strategy of,x-xi,xiii,12-16,22-4,51,53,55-8,65,87,192n 33 (see also Declaration of Independence)

marriage of Abigail and,13

at peace conference with Howe,131-4,141-2

response to New York defeats,111,127-30,150,162-5

and Warren's martyrdom at Bunker Hill,25

Washington nominated as commander in chief by,26

Adams,Nabby (John's daughter),104

Adams,Sam,133

African Americans,20

see also slavery

Alexander,General William,see Stirling,Lord

“American Creed,” 64

American Expeditionary Force,48

Aquinas,Thomas,163

Arnold,Benedict,4

Articles of Confederation,Dickinson Draft of,90-4,98-100,102,105

Articles of War,142

Ashby (Massachusetts),50

Barnstable (Massachusetts),196n7

Bartlett,Josiah,91

Blackstone,William,6

Black Watch regiment,153

Board of War and Ordnance,45,57,58,88,102,137-8,141,160,162

Boston,8,23,36,38,45,88,127

advocacy of independence in,51

battles in,4,33 (see also Bunker Hill,Battle of)

British evacuation of,46

newspapers in,145

Siege of,3-4,26-30,33,39,48,76,110,193n12

smallpox epidemic in,20,57

Tories in,163

Boston Tea Party,7

Bowdoin,James,104

Braintree (Massachusetts),127

British Army,89,127-9,134-6,158,166,175,183-5

Atlantic crossing of,68-9

Boston Siege defeat of,8-9,26,29,33,88

at Bunker Hill,3,5,38

discrepancy in troop strength of Continental Army and,101,108

enlisted men of,70

Howe's leadership of,see Howe,Gen.William

on Long Island,104,107,114-16,map 117,118-22,147

loyalists and deserters join,41,146,161

on Manhattan,148,152-4,156-7

New York strategy of,27,36,38-9

officer corps of,32-3,183

at Pell's Point,168

on Staten Island,68,81,89

veterans of,as Washington's senior officers,39-40

Yorktown defeat of,179,183

British navy,see Royal Navy

Brodhead,David,115

Brooklyn Heights,118-21,147,152,183

evacuation of Continental Army from,123-4,180

forts on,41,113,114,119,121,126

Bunker Hill,Battle of,10,30,86,140,152,194n26

atrocities committed by British at,3,5

British casualties at,3,35,90

“The Cause” and,46

Howe at,38,110,194n22

Knowlton at,153

Putnam at,114

Warren as martyr of,25,31,97

Burgoyne,General John,39,73,89,103,194n20

Burke,Edmund,7,10,180-1,185

Burr,Aaron,149,153

Burstein,Andrew,197n31

Calvinism,8

Canada,4,33,36,73,99,195n31

campaign in,see Quebec

Catiline,13

“Cause,The,” x,31,54,95,97,125,146-7,171

Adams's dedication to,13-14

and Dickinson Draft debate,92-3

Franklin on,90

New England support for,28-9

Paine's contribution to,12,15

Washington and,5,26,34,42-4,46,74,137-8,154,156,161,173-4

Charleston (South Carolina),Battle of,48

Chase,Samuel,93-4

chevaux-de-frise,75

Cicero,13,14

Civil War,93

Clinton,Gen.Henry,48,84,116,149,173

Howe's rejection of tactical recommendations of,110-11,114-15,119,147,183-4

at Throg's Neck,166-8

Collier,Capt.George,125,135

Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone),6

Common Sense (Paine),11-12,15,90

commutation,175

Concord,Battle of,3,97,132

Confederation Congress,94

Connecticut,75,76,105

Continental Army in,28,29,47

Continental Congress delegates from,95,164

militia units from,43,77,85,108,149,153

see also specific cities and towns

Connecticut Courant,145

Constitution,U.S.,17

Constitutional Convention,88,94

Continental Army,ix,xii,40,42,70-81,108,128-9,133,163-4,173-7,182-5,202n26,208n22

at Boston Siege,27,28,39,46,76

British disparagement of,81

Continental Congress and,140-4

demoralization of,134-5,146,162-3,166

deserters from,135,161

Dickinson's support for,9

evacuation from Manhattan of,166-70,map 169

independence and,5,72,140,142

lack of experience and military discipline in,29-32,70-1,73-4,77-8

on Long Island,54,66,101,103,104,107,109-28,map 117,134,137,145-6,163,176,183

on Manhattan,111,133,138-40,147-58,map 151,162,163,176,183

militia units comprising,4,25,28-9,43,47,77,85,89,101-3

moved from Boston to New York,19,23,28,34

northern detachment of,80,101

officers in,x,32-3,76-7,102,158-60 (see also names of specific officers

supplies and ordnance for,77,102

tactical retreat from Long Island of,123-6,135

unrealistic confidence in,88-9,98,101

at Valley Forge,172,174

Washington's appointment as commander in chief of,79

Continental Congress,ix,x,xii,82,101-2,106,111,150,167,171

British attitude toward,81

Continental Army and,5,27-8,40,43,46,102-3,137-45,I57-61

draft of Articles of Confederation debated in,90-100

foreign policy of,97-100

Howe's peace initiatives to,120,129-33,146

and independence,xiii,10,16,18,23-4,29,31,34,49-55,87,l62,195n2 (see also Declaration of Independence)

loyalty to British Crown in,4

military strategy of,44,75

moderates in,xiii,7-10,14,84

and occupation of New York,156-7

overconfidence in Washington's ability to defend New York of,88-90,101

Continental Congress (continued

radical faction of,13-14,58,59

response to New York military disasters in,126-30,134,157,165

slavery issue avoided by,20

state governments and,56-7

Washington honored by,26

women's rights petition to,20-1

Cornwallis,General Charles,39,84,115,183

Court of St.James's,178

Cushing,William,48

Deane,Silas,162

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms(Dickinson and Jefferson),59,191n11

Declaration of Independence,71-2,76,161,196n20

drafting,18,57-67,99-100,171,197n28,n29,n34

passage of,66,132

signing of,62,100

Delaware,47,108,118,157

Dickinson,John,ix,5,8-10,45,53,191n11

draft of Articles of Confederation by,90-100

Dorchester Heights,4,33

Dunmore,Lord,52,62

Eagle(ship),74,124,129,138

English Civil War,49

Fischer,David Hackett,208n22

Fishkill (New York),139

foreign policy,American,57,88,92,97-100,102

Fort Lee,167

Fort Necessity,85

Fort Schuyler,166

Fort Washington,74,75,207n23

Fox,Charles,180-1,185

France,57,97-9,163,164,172,183,184

Franklin,Benjamin,8,102,104-7,131-2,137,200n40

biographies of,198-9n27

and British victory on Long Island,111,129

demographic knowledge of,89-90

and Dickinson Draft,93-95

and framing of Pennsylvania constitution,106

and Franco-American alliance,98-9,163,178

Germain's threat to execute,136

in London,81-2,105

at peace conference,131-4

Richard Howe's friendship with,68,81-4,105

role in drafting of Declaration of Independence of,57-8,60,61

submarine use advocated by,75,138

Franklin,Elizabeth (William's wife),105

Franklin,William (Benjamin's son),105

Frederick II (the Great),King of Prussia,11

French and Indian War,7,26,27,32,37,84,114,153

Gates,Gen.Horatio,39,80,103,107,112

George I,King of England,37

George III,King of England,4,14,49,130,161

destruction of statue of,72

efforts at reconciliation rejected by,10-12,15,19,54,105,128

and Howe brothers' diplomatic initiatives,78,80-1

Jefferson's condemnations of,59,60,62-3

oppressive policies imposed by,52,82,181

Germain,Lord George,35-40,49,136,166,182

and Howe brothers' diplomatic initiatives,79-80,83

invasion of New York planned by,48,108,181

overall strategy of,72,73,111,185,194n20

Germans,8,62

mercenaries,35,51,84 (see also Hessians)

Gerry,Elbridge,89

Glorious Revolution,49

Glover,Colonel John,123,124,166,207n25

Gowanus Heights,Battle of,113-15,118,130,145,158,183,202n28

Grant,General James,116,145

Greeks,ancient,164-65

Greene,Gen.Nathanael,ix,71,77,142-3,159,207n23

Adams and,45,46,102

illness and evacuation to Manhattan of,112,126,136

at Kip's Bay,149

on Long Island,41,72,76,84,85,109,114

promotion to general of,32-3,160

Quaker background of,32

retreat from New York advocated by,134,136-7,140-1

Greyhound (ship),66

Hamilton,Alexander,160

Hancock,John,26,27,71,202n28

and defense of New York,40,43,46

Washington's reports to,72-3,79,86,126,135,137-8,140,142-3,156,157,161,166

Hand,Colonel Edward,166

Hannibal,164

Harlem Heights,165-7

Battle of,150,152-8,162,206n41

Harrison,Robert Hanson,202n28

Harvard University,13,26,45

Havana,Battle of,37

Hawley,Joseph,87

Heath,General William,139

Heister,General Leopold von,116

Henry,Patrick,56

Hessians,84,89,109,111,168

arrival of,84,111

at Gowanus Heights,145-6

at Kip's Bay,148,149

on Long Island,112,115,116,118

military professionalism of,70,102,108

Hooper,William,141,157

House of Commons,7,179-82

House of Lords,7,17,41,82

Howe,George Augustus,37

Howe,Adm.Richard,ix,xi,86,90,119-20,124,127,142,167-8,171,173,174,l82,185

aristocratic background of,37 attitude of Continental Congress toward,92,97

bombardment of Manhattan by,148-50

diplomatic priorities of,78-80,84,124,129-32,134,140,146,147,152,161,170,184

fleet commanded by,23,48,57,66,72-4 (see also Royal Navy)

Franklin's friendship with,68,81-4,105

and Long Island battles,112,126

on Staten Island,69,84,108

Howe,Gen.William,ix,xi,37-8,86,90,163,174,194n23,195n31,198n6

aristocratic background of,37

Howe,Gen.William (continued

attitude of Continental Congress toward,88,92,97

in Boston Siege,3-4,23,46,48

British attitudes toward conduct of war by,179-85,202n26,208n21

at Bunker Hill,38,114,120,194n22

Burgoyne and,103,194n20

defections of deserters and loyalists to,161-2

in French and Indian War,37

Germain's orders to,38-40,111

and independence,46-7,66,97,144

on Long Island,114-16,118-21,125-9,134-6

on Manhattan,146-9,156,157,162,165-8

occupation of New York by,140,163-5

peace initiatives of,78,124

Staten Island garrison of,66,70,84

strategy and tactics,72,108-12,114-15,120-1,134-6,139,162,170-3

Hudson River,34,50,107,138,172,173

in British strategy,36,40,73,89,103,111,194n20

British warships on,74,78,79,88-9,139,140,167

maps of,117,151,169

restriction of British access to,41,47,75

Huguenots,8

Indians,43,101,see also French and Indian War

Industrial Revolution,70

Inns of Court,8

Jamaica Pass,114,115

Jefferson,Martha,24,58,100,142

Jefferson,Thomas,ix,4,57-9,95-6,107,191n11,195n33

Declaration of Independence drafted by,18,57,59-67,99,171,197n29,n34

in Dickinson draft debate,92,99-102

family concerns of,24,58,100,104,142

Virginia constitution draft by,100-1,106

Kentish Guards,32

killing zone,68,113,148

King's Bridge,139,140,147,183

Kip's Bay,Battle of,148-50,153,154,157,158,163,164,183

Knowlton,Col.Thomas,153-5,159,160

Knox,Gen.Henry,33,77,141,160,164,176

Lee,Gen.Charles,32-4,39-41,75,109,167,168,194n22,n26,207n25

Lee,Richard Henry,44-5,57,100

Leitch,Major Andrew,154

Lengel,Ed,208n22

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Dickinson),8

Lexington,Battle of,3,97,132

Lincoln,Abraham,64,65

Livingston,Philip,122

Livingston,Robert,57

Locke,John,65

London,3,19,119,133

Dickinson in,8

Franklin in,81-2,105

Paine in,11,12

peace commission sent to colonies from,45

press in,178,179

Reed in,76

Long Island,34,57,101,103,104,127,161

arming of militia units on,54

Battle of,ix,x,43,46,88,107,110-18,map 117,128,130-8,141-5,149,150,163,164,168,171,176,184 (see also Brooklyn Heights;Gowanus Heights,Battle of)

defensive networks on,72,109

evacuation of Continental Army troops from,123-6

political allegiance of farmers on,70,75-6

smallpox outbreak on,85

transport of British troops to,66

Loring,Elizabeth (Betsy),38,48,118,207n23

Louis XVI,King of France,98

loyalists,34,38,41-2,70,130,163,202n26

arrests of,47,76,195n39

in British Army,41,146,161

British forces aided by,69,115

in exile in London,178,182

in middle colonies,13,52

newspapers of,152

spying by,66,114

MacKenzie,Capt.Frederick,161,162

Maier,Pauline,195n2,196n20,197n28

Maine,4

Malden (Massachusetts),51

Manhattan,34,103,112,126,133,136,142,144,147-8,map 151

battles on,ix,x,40-1,43,46,88,110-11,171,176,180,184 (see also Harlem Heights,Battle of;Kip's Bay,Battle of)

British failure to trap Continental Army on,147-8,183

Continental Army encampments on,70

Continental Congress delegates from,57

decision to defend,138-40

desertion of militia from Long Island to,135

dysentery from contaminated water on,85

evacuation of Continental Army from,156,166-70,map 169

Great Fire in,156-7

loyalists on,161

Royal Navy bombardment of,74-5,149-50

ships ordered to assemble on,123

troops transferred to Long Island from,114,121

Washington's headquarters on,80

Martin,Joseph Plumb,74,116,123,148,170,176-7

Maryland,47,93,95,107,118

Massachusetts,8,9,28,37,49-52,89,94,102,123,143

Charter of,55

General Court of,26

martial law in,7

outbreak of war in,see specific battles see also specific cities and towns

mercenaries,17,30,54,63,67,82

German,11,35,51,84 (see also Hessians)

Middle Temple (London),76

Mifflin,Gen.Thomas,122-4,203n35

Miles,Samuel,115

militias,25,32,41,46,142-4,161,168,175,206n3

in Boston Siege,3-4

British disparagement of,38,69

desertion of,135

at Kip's Bay,148-9

myth of,177

from New England,28-9,32,43

in New York campaign,43,47,54,77,85,88-9,101-3,108-9,158-9,201n2

Minden,Battle of,35

Minutemen,158,177

Mohawk Indians,32

Morgan,Edmund,208n22

Native Americans,see Indians

New England Chronicle,145

“New Establishment,”159-60,162

New Hampshire,28,43,91

New Jersey,75,123,162,167,184

Continental Congress delegates from,16,130

loyalists in,105,128,152,161

militia units from,43,47,85,89

see also specific cities and towns

Newport Mercury,146

New Rochelle (New York),168,179

New York,146,150,152,165,179,181

arrival of British fleet at,56,57

Battle of,x-xiii,19,23,26,27,29,33-4,36-48,58,83,86,88-90,96,97,101-3,107,108,111,127-9,139-42,145,154,158,160,174(see also specific battles

British occupation of,36,42,47,76,111,136,140,147,157,164

Continental Army march from Boston to,19,23,28,30

Continental Congress delegates from,7-8,18,61

defense of,39,47,75,112,136-7,140-1,167,170,174

epidemic of fear and disillusionment in,162

evacuation of troops from,123-6

Harbor,British prison ships in,118,207n23

loyalists in,13,76

provisional government of,139

referendum on independence in,52-4

tactical vulnerability of,66,74-5,194n26

see also Hudson River;Long Island;Manhattan;Staten Island;specific cities and towns

North Carolina,16,141

Observations on the Increase of Mankind (Franklin),90

Orpheus (ship),148

Paine,Thomas,11-12,15,17,21-2,35,53,90

Paris,Treaty of,173,175,177-8,184

Parliament,5,6,14,21,80,92,95

George III's 1775 address to,10-11

Howe brothers in,37,179

limitation of monarchical power by,49

opposition to militarization of colonial conflict in,7,181,182,202n26

resistance to authority of,8-9,19,59,80,91,130,144,178

Patterson,James,80

Pell's Point,Battle of,168

Peloponnesian War,164,165

Pendleton,Edmund,60,100,101

Pennsylvania,54,82,166

Committee of Public Safety,75

constitution of,56,106

Continental Congress delegates from,7,16,18,52-3,57,94

loyalists in,13,52

militia units from,108

see also specific cities and towns

Pennsylvania Evening Post,21

Pennsylvania Packet,16,145-6

Percy,Gen.Hugh,125

Perth Amboy (New Jersey),131

Philadelphia,8,19,133,178

British attack on,172,194n20

Continental Congress in,see Continental Congress

population of,35

property requirements to vote in,21,53

Washington in,44-5,47

Phoenix (ship),74,78

Pitt,William,7,10,185

Plan of Treaties,98-9,102,142

Polybius,160

proportional representation,94,105

Punic wars,164

Puritans,164

Putnam,Gen.Israel,113,116,119,149,152

Putnam,Rufus,139

Quakers,8,32,53,122

Quebec,4,37,43,44

Battle of,43,44,57,103

Rainbow (ship),125

Rakove,Jack K.,199n1

Reed,Col.Joseph,25,76-9,102,121,139,147,149,154,167

representation,proportional,94,105

Rhode Island,28,32,94,145

Rodney,Caesar,157

Romans,ancient,6,160,164

Rose (ship),74,78

Royal Navy,34,36,49,74,81,122,124,138,148-9

see also Howe,Adm.Richard;specific ships

Royal Society,82

Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One(Franklin),81

Rush,Benjamin,94-5,128-30,163

Russia,11

Rutledge,Edward,91,131,133

Sandy Hook (New Jersey),84

Saratoga,Battle of,174,194n20

Schuyler,General Philip,73

Scotch-Irish,8

Scottish Highlanders,84,116,153

Second Treatise on Government (Locke),65

Serle,Ambrose,69,79,112,133

Sherman,Roger,57,95

Six Nations,43

slavery,20,52,96

avoidance of discussions of,x,41,22-3,55

Jefferson and,59,62,65

sectional split over,93-4

smallpox,20,57,85,103

inoculation for,44,86,104,195n33

Society of the Cincinnati,176

South Carolina,48,91,157,167

slavery in,62,93-4

Sparta,165

Stamp Act (1765),6

Staten Island,34,127

British forces on,49-50,66,68-70,72,73,81,89,108,110

British troops transported to Long Island from,112

peace talks on,131,134,135,140,141,146,147

Stedman,Charles,184

Stirling,Lord (Gen.William Alexander),41,73,159

as British captive,124,129,146

on Long Island,109,116,map 117,118

submarines,75,138

Sullivan,James,22

Sullivan,General John,112-16,118,124,129-30

Summary View of the Rights of British Americans(Jefferson),59,60,62

Tallmadge,Major Benjamin,122,124-5

Tappan Zee,74

taxes,92,94,175

levied by British,6,82

proposed compromises on,9,130

resistance to,8,19,59,130,132

Thebes,165

Thoughts on Government (Adams),16-17

Throg's Neck,166-68

Ticonderoga,Battle of,33,37

Tilghman,Lt.Tench,123,161

Topsfield (Massachusetts),50-1,55

Tories,41,105,128,163-4

Trenton,Battle of,172

Trumbull,John,61,153

Turtle (submarine),138

Valley Forge,172,174

Vietnam War,208n21

Virginia,26,89,95

commitment to independence of,44,51-2,57,61

constitution of,58,60,100

Continental Army troops from,143,154

Continental Congress delegates from,58-9,94

slavery in,62

see also specific cities and towns

Virginia Convention,52,58,60,96,100-1

Warren,Joseph,25,31,97

Washington,George,ix,39-43,48,71-80,103,108-14,116-29,134-44,147-54,165-8,170,173-7,194n23,202n28,208n22

and Battle of Long Island,110,114,1l8,121,126-7,147,201n2

at Boston Siege,3-4,193n12

British disparagement of,69

and Canadian campaign,43,195n31

Continental Army march to New York from Boston led by,19,23,28,30

Continental Congress and,31-2,57,102,160-1,174-5

councils of war convened by,73-4,122,139,147,167

daily demands on,75-78

and Declaration of Independence,71-72

and defense of New York,40-1,72-5,112,136-40,147,174

evacuation of Continental Army from Manhattan by,152,156-7,166-8,map 169,180

Farewell Address,99

in French and Indian War,27,37,84-5

General Orders,66-7,72,74,85-6,112,123,126,154

Germain's threat to execute,136

Hancock and,71,79,135,142,157,162

at Harlem Heights,152-4,156-8,165-6

honor-driven behavior of,xii,121-2,138

Howe's communications with,83-4,109-10,120,151-2

and Kip's Bay disaster,149-50

Manhattan headquarters of,40

militia units and,29-30,43,108-9,135

officer corps of,31-3,113-14,134,147,203n35,207n25

physical and psychological characteristics of,25-8,192n2

Reed and,25,76-7,79,121

resolute defiance of British by,79-80

response to British atrocities at Bunker Hill,5

retreat through New Jersey of,184

and “spirit of'76,” 30-1

tactical withdrawal from Long Island,123-6,129,135

at Trenton,172

unrealistic optimism about success against British of,88-90,101

veneration of public for,34,82,106

Washington,Lund,152-3,157

Washington,Martha,44,195n33

Westmoreland,Gen.William,208n21

Whigs,6,7,37,41,180-1

White Plains (New York),167-70

Williams,William,164

Williamsburg (Virginia),58,60,96,100,101

Witherspoon,John,130

Wood,Gordon,208n22

World War I,48,99

World War II,99

Yorktown,Battle of,171,174,183